大学英语写作中的常见语病及应对策略
2013年12月14日 15:02 作者:刘秀芬刘秀芬 河南大学大学外语教学部河南开封 475001
摘要:本文从词汇和句法两个方面概括了大学非英语专业学生英语写作中常见的问题,分析了造成这些问题的原因并在此基础上提出了相应的应对策略。
关键词:大学英语写作;语病;对策
大学英语教学的目标之一是培养学生的写作能力。《大学英语教学大纲》(修订版)对学生写作能力的要求是“能就一定的话题和提纲在半小时内写出120~150 个词的短文,而且内容切题, 表达清晰,语意连贯,无严重语言错误。”然而,由于种种原因, 学生在英语写作中仍然存在着各种各样的问题,而这些问题中比较普遍和突出的是语病问题。下面,笔者根据多年的教学实践,对大学非英语专业学生写作中常见的一些语病加以归纳分析,并再次基础上提出相应的应对策略。
一、 语病的主要表现和分析
(一)词语运用方面的问题
1. 词不达意
受汉语的影响或因对英语词义掌握不准确,学生在写作中会出现所用词语的意义与所要表达的意思不相符的现象。例如:
(1) We must assure that we can improve the working condition.
( 句中assure 应改为ensure。assure 表示为使别人解除疑虑而作的“保证”,而ensure 则是强调对某种行为的结果有把握。)
(2)The Chinese people often respect cigarettes when they meet.
( 句中respect 应改为offer。Respect 的意思是“尊敬”,而这里需要的是“提供、给”之意。)
(3)Gradually, students will lose interests and become dull.
( 句中 dull 应改为bored。根据句义,学生会变得“厌学”, 而不是变得“乏味”。)
2. 词性不当
因为对词性把握不准,学生在写作中常会出现“词性误用” 的现象。例如:
(4) None can negative the importance of money.
( 句中negative 是形容词,被误用为动词,应改为negate。 )
(5)Some people claim that fast food will instead of traditional food.
( 句中instead of 是介词短语,被误用为动词,应改为take the place of 或replace。)
(6)Despite he is very diligent at study, he still cannot pass the CET4.
( 句中Despite 是介词,被误用为连词,应改为Although。)
3. 搭配错误
因为掌握的英语固定搭配有限,更主要的是受到汉语的影响,学生在写作中往往会用汉语的搭配去套英语,导致搭配错误。例如:
(7)In the past, the price of milk was so expensive that most families could no afford it.
(“价钱贵”是汉语说法,英语中price 不和expensive 搭配, 而和high 搭配,所以应把expensive 改为high。)> 才智 /76 创新教育 Innovation Education
(8)The opportunity to be promoted in a joint venture will be smaller if one can not speak English.
( 句中的smaller 应改为less。)
(9)The speed of a car is much faster than that of a bicycle.
( 句中的faster 应改为higher。)
(二)句子构建中的问题
1. 单用逗号连接句子
汉语中单用逗号连接两个独立分句,但规范英语对此不予接受。中国学生因受其母语的影响,也常常直接用逗号连接英语的句子。例如:
(10)The current was swift, he couldn’t swim to the shore.
( 有多种方法可以纠正这类错误,例如:① The current was swift, so/and he couldn’t swim to the shore. ② The current was swift; (therefore,) he couldn’t swim to the shore. ③ He couldn’t swim to the shore, for/ because the current was swift. ④ The current being swift, he couldn’t swim to the shore.)
2. 时态和语态的误用
与英语相比,汉语的时态和语态既不明显又不十分严格,而英语则形式复杂,规定也比较严格。因此,学生在英语写作中常在这些方面出现问题。例如:
(11)We drew the conclusion that Tom is dishonest.
( 可改为:We drew the conclusion that Tom was dishonest.)
(12)I wrote to him, but my letter was not answered.
( 可改为:I wrote to him, but he didn’t answer my letter.)
3. 指代不清
句子中代词与被指代的人或物关系不清,或者前后所用的代词不一致,造成意义的模糊或混乱。例如:
(13)Mary was friendly to my sister because she wanted her to be her bridesmaid.
( 句中代词使用所造成的模糊无法让读者明确判断出两位姑娘谁将结婚,谁将当伴娘。如果我们把易于引起误解的代词的所指对象加以明确,意思就一目了然了。该句可改为:Mary was friendly to my sister because she wanted my sister to be her bridesmaid. )
(14)And we can also know the society by serving it yourself.
( 句中人称代词we 和反身代词yourself 指代不一致,可改为: And we can also know the society by serving it ourselves. )
(15)In today’s society, we can’t do without friends. So you have to try to make as many friends as possible.
( 可将前句中的we 改为you,或将后句中的you 改为we。)
4. 句子结构不完整
不完整句又叫残缺句或句子片断。学生在写作中出现不完整句的原因主要在于把短语、从句当成了完整的句子。例如:
(16)There is a teacher I shall always remember. Because she has a sweet voice and a pleasant smile.
( 可改为:There is a teacher I shall always remember because she has a sweet voice and a pleasant smile.)
(17)They enjoy reading a few types of novels. Such as science fiction.
( 可改为:They enjoy reading a few types of novels, such as science fiction.)
5. 该平行的结构不平行
英语中可以通过一连串相似的语法结构,即平行结构来表达平行的思想内容。平行结构可以是单词平行结构、短语平行结构、从句平行结构,也可以是句子平行结构。该平行的结构不平行,也是中国学生英语写作中常见的问题。例如:
(18)She likes to fish, to swim and skiing.
( 可改为:She likes fishing, swimming, and skiing.)
(19)But other people argue that everyone has a certain opportunity and a wise man will never lose it whenever it arises.
( 句中and 后应加上that,使后面的从句与前面that 引导的从句实现平行。)
6. 悬垂修饰语
悬垂修饰语又叫无依着修饰语,通常指在主句中找不到其逻辑主语的分词短语、不定式短语、介词短语等,这些短语在句中一般作状语用。悬垂修饰语的出现,往往造成修饰语和主句之间的逻辑关系不清晰, 导致整个句意的模糊。例如:
(20)When talking to the interviewer, my heart was beating very fast.
( 可改为:When I was talking to the interviewer, my heart was beating very fast.)
(21)To succeed in a scientific research project, persistence is needed.
( 可改为:To succeed in a scientific research project, one needs to be persistent.)
(22)At the age of ten, my grandfather died.
( 可改为:When I was ten, my grandfather died.)
7. 缺少关联词语
汉英语言的区别之一就是汉语重意合,英语重形合。英语的复合句通常要用连词来连接各个分句,而汉语则常常不用连词。不了解英汉之间这些差异,写作时就难免出错。例如:
(23)My suggestion is more attention should be paid to the issue of young people’s drug abuse.
(可改为:My suggestion is that more attention should be paid to the issue of young people’s drug abuse.)
二、应对策略
上述语病在大学生的英语作文中非常常见,有些还很突出。这些问题不仅在很大程度上影响了他们的英语表达能力,甚至还造成了交流和交际的障碍,影响了交际的效果和目的。要克服这些语病,提高学生的写作能力,教师可给与学生及时的指导,加强学生在以下几个方面的训练。
(一)多阅读
阅读能够增强学生的感性知识,培养学生的英语语感,所以教师应鼓励学生扩大阅读,包括阅读的数量和范围。这是提高学生写作的物质基础。实践证明,阅读面广的学生,写作能力也比较强。
(二)多背诵
背诵优美的篇章、段落和句子,能够积累素材,有助于学生在写作时模仿。背诵的过程,就是对英文句型加深印象的过程,可以增强学生从有意识的记忆到无意识的模仿的效果。
(三)多练习
写作是一种实践性技能,最关键的当然还在于多写多练。练习可以采取限时练习和自由式练习。课上可以采取限时练习,注意写的数量;课下可以采取自由式练习,注意写的质量。> 才智 /77 创新教育 Innovation Education